Installing RPi Operating System

[TOC]

Introduction

How to install a Raspberry Pi Operating System image on an SD card. You will need another computer with an SD card reader to install the image.

We recommend most users download NOOBS which is designed to be very easy to use. However more advanced users looking to install a particular image should use this guide.

Download the Image

Official images for recommended Operating Systems are available to download from the Raspberry Pi website: raspberrypi.org/downloads

Alternative distributions are available from third party vendors.

After downloading the .zip file, unzip it to get the image file (.img) for writing to your SD card.

Writing an Image to the SD Card

With the image file of the distribution of your choice, you need to use an image writing tool to install it on your SD card.

See our guide for your system:

Installing Operating System Images on Linux

Please note that the use of the dd tool can overwrite any partition of your machine. If you specify the wrong device in the instructions below you could delete your primary Linux partition. Please be careful.

Run df -h to see what devices are currently mounted.
If your computer has a slot for SD cards, insert the card. If not, insert the card into an SD card reader, then connect the reader to your computer.
Run df -h again. The new device that has appeared is your SD card. The left column gives the device name of your SD card; it will be listed as something like /dev/mmcblk0p1 or /dev/sdd1. The last part (p1 or 1 respectively) is the partition number but you want to write to the whole SD card, not just one partition. Therefore you need to remove that part from the name (getting, for example, /dev/mmcblk0 or /dev/sdd) as the device for the whole SD card. Note that the SD card can show up more than once in the output of df; it will do this if you have previously written a Raspberry Pi image to this SD card, because the Raspberry Pi SD images have more than one partition.
Now that you've noted what the device name is, you need to unmount it so that files can't be read or written to the SD card while you are copying over the SD image.
Run umount /dev/sdd1, replacing sdd1 with whatever your SD card's device name is (including the partition number).
If your SD card shows up more than once in the output of df due to having multiple partitions on the SD card, you should unmount all of these partitions.
In the terminal, write the image to the card with the command below, making sure you replace the input file if= argument with the path to your .imgfile, and the /dev/sdd in the output file of= argument with the right device name. This is very important, as you will lose all data on the hard drive if you provide the wrong device name. Make sure the device name is the name of the whole SD card as described above, not just a partition of it; for example sdd, not sdds1 or sddp1; or mmcblk0, not mmcblk0p1.
```
dd bs=4M if=2015-11-21-raspbian-jessie.img of=/dev/sdd
```
Please note that block size set to 4M will work most of the time; if not, please try 1M, although this will take considerably longer.
Also note that if you are not logged in as root you will need to prefix this withsudo.
The dd command does not give any information of its progress and so may appear to have frozen; it could take more than five minutes to finish writing to the card. If your card reader has an LED it may blink during the write process. To see the progress of the copy operation you can run pkill -USR1 -n -x dd in another terminal, prefixed with sudo if you are not logged in as root. The progress will be displayed in the original window and not the window with the pkill command; it may not display immediately, due to buffering.
Instead of dd you can use dcfldd; it will give a progress report about how much has been written.
You can check what's written to the SD card by dd-ing from the card back to another image on your hard disk, truncating the new image to the same size as the original, and then running diff (or md5sum) on those two images.
The SD card might be bigger than the original image, and dd will make a copy of the whole card. We must therefore truncate the new image to the size of the original image. Make sure you replace the input file if= argument with the right device name. diff should report that the files are identical.
```
dd bs=4M if=/dev/sdd of=from-sd-card.img
truncate --reference 2015-11-21-raspbian-jessie.img from-sd-card.img
diff -s from-sd-card.img 2015-11-21-raspbian-jessie.img
```
Run sync; this will ensure the write cache is flushed and that it is safe to unmount your SD card.
Remove the SD card from the card reader.

Installing Operating System Images on Mac OS

On Mac OS you have the choice of the command line dd tool or using the graphical tool ImageWriter to write the image to your SD card.

Graphical Interface (Recommended)

Connect the SD card reader with the SD card inside. Note that it must be formatted in FAT32.
From the Apple menu, choose About This Mac, then click on More info...; if you are using Mac OS X 10.8.x Mountain Lion or newer then click on System Report.
Click on USB (or Card Reader if using a built-in SD card reader) then search for your SD card in the upper right section of the window. Click on it, then search for the BSD name in the lower right section; it will look something like 'diskn' where n is a number (for example, disk4). Make sure you take a note of this number.
Unmount the partition so that you will be allowed to overwrite the disk; to do this, open Disk Utility and unmount it (do not eject it, or you will have to reconnect it). Note that On Mac OS X 10.8.x Mountain Lion, "Verify Disk" (before unmounting) will display the BSD name as "/dev/disk1s1" or similar, allowing you to skip the previous two steps.
From the terminal run:
```
sudo dd bs=1m if=path_of_your_image.img of=/dev/rdiskn
```
Remember to replace n with the number that you noted before!

If this command fails, try using disk instead of rdisk:
```
sudo dd bs=1m if=path_of_your_image.img of=/dev/diskn
```

Command Line

If you are comfortable with the command line, you can write the image to a SD card without any additional software. Open a terminal, then run:

diskutil list
Identify the disk (not partition) of your SD card e.g. disk4 (not disk4s1).
Unmount your SD card by using the disk identifier to prepare copying data to it:

diskutil unmountDisk /dev/disk

e.g. diskutil unmountDisk /dev/disk4
Copy the data to your SD card:

sudo dd bs=1m if=image.img of=/dev/rdisk

e.g. sudo dd bs=1m if=2015-11-21-raspbian-jessie.img of=/dev/rdisk4
- This may result in an dd: invalid number '1m' error if you have GNU coreutils installed. In that case you need to use 1M:
  
  sudo dd bs=1M if=image.img of=/dev/rdisk
This will take a few minutes, depending on the image file size. You can check the progress by sending a SIGINFO signal pressing Ctrl+T.

If this command still fails, try using disk instead of rdisk, e.g.:
```
sudo dd bs=1m if=2015-11-21-raspbian-jessie.img of=/dev/disk4
```
or
```
sudo dd bs=1M if=2015-11-21-raspbian-jessie.img of=/dev/disk4
```

Alternative Method

Note: Some users have reported issues with using Mac OS X to create SD cards.

These commands and actions need to be performed from an account that has administrator privileges.

From the terminal run df -h.
Connect the SD card reader with the SD card inside.
Run df -h again and look for the new device that wasn't listed last time. Record the device name of the filesystem's partition, for example /dev/disk3s1.
Unmount the partition so that you will be allowed to overwrite the disk:
```
sudo diskutil unmount /dev/disk3s1
```
(or open Disk Utility and unmount the partition of the SD card (do not eject it, or you will have to reconnect it)
Using the device name of the partition, work out the raw device name for the entire disk by omitting the final "s1" and replacing "disk" with "rdisk". This is very important as you will lose all data on the hard drive if you provide the wrong device name. Make sure the device name is the name of the whole SD card as described above, not just a partition of it (for example, rdisk3, not rdisk3s1). Similarly, you might have another SD drive name/number like rdisk2 or rdisk4; you can check again by using the df -h command both before and after you insert your SD card reader into your Mac. For example, /dev/disk3s1 becomes /dev/rdisk3.
In the terminal, write the image to the card with this command, using the raw disk device name from above. Read the above step carefully to be sure you use the correct rdisk number here:
```
sudo dd bs=1m if=2015-11-21-raspbian-jessie.img of=/dev/rdisk3
```
If the above command reports an error (dd: bs: illegal numeric value), please change bs=1m to bs=1M.

If the above command reports an error dd: /dev/rdisk3: Permission denied then that is because the partition table of the SD card is being protected against being overwritten by MacOS. Erase the SD card's partition table using this command:
```
sudo diskutil partitionDisk /dev/disk3 1 MBR "Free Space" "%noformat%" 100%
```
That command will also set the permissions on the device to allow writing. Now try the dd command again.

Note that dd will not feedback any information until there is an error or it is finished; information will be shown and the disk will re-mount when complete. However if you wish to view the progress you can use 'ctrl-T'; this generates SIGINFO, the status argument of your tty, and will display information on the process.
After the dd command finishes, eject the card:
```
sudo diskutil eject /dev/rdisk3
```
(or: open Disk Utility and eject the SD card)

Installing Operating System Images on Windows

Insert the SD card into your SD card reader and check which drive letter was assigned. You can easily see the drive letter (for example G:) by looking in the left column of Windows Explorer. You can use the SD Card slot (if you have one) or a cheap SD adaptor in a USB port.
Download the Win32DiskImager utility from the Sourceforge Project page (it is also a zip file); you can run this from a USB drive.
Extract the executable from the zip file and run the Win32DiskImagerutility; you may need to run the utility as administrator. Right-click on the file, and select Run as administrator.
Select the image file you extracted above.
Select the drive letter of the SD card in the device box. Be careful to select the correct drive; if you get the wrong one you can destroy your data on the computer's hard disk! If you are using an SD card slot in your computer and can't see the drive in the Win32DiskImager window, try using a cheap SD adaptor in a USB port.
Click Write and wait for the write to complete.
Exit the imager and eject the SD card.

This article uses content from the eLinux wiki page RPi_Easy_SD_Card_Setup, which is shared under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license

Raspberry Pi Operating System Configuration

经过前面两步我们的树莓派已经正常的工作起来了，但是在真正用它开发之前还需要进行一些列的配置以及软件的安装，这样开发起来才会得心应手，下面我们介绍一下常用的软件和服务

1、配置选项：

树莓派第一次使用的时候需要进行一个简单的配置，在命令行模式下运行以下命令：

$sudo raspi-config

新旧版本的配置界面不太一样，下面列举两种比较常见的：

1)旧版本

expand_rootfs –将根分区扩展到整张SD卡（树莓派默认不使用SD卡的全部空间，有一部分保留，建议选中）
overscan–可以扩充或缩小屏幕（旧版不能自适应屏幕，新版没有这个选项，貌似可以自适应，没仔细研究）
configure_keyboard - 键盘配置界面
change_pass – 默认的用户名是pi，密码是raspberry，用ssh远程连接或串口登录时要用到这个用户名和密码，这里可以更改密码。
change_locale – 更改语言设置。在Locales to be generated: 中，选择en_US.UTF-8和zh_CN.UTF-8。在Default locale for the system environment:中，选择en_US.UTF-8（等启动完机器，装完中文字体，再改回zh_CN.UTF-8，否则第一次启动会出现方块）。
change_timezone –因为树莓派没有内部时钟，是通过网络获取的时间，选择Asia – Shanghai。
memory_split –配置给桌面显示的显存。
ssh – 是否激活ssh服务。
boot_behaviour – 设置启动时启动图形界面，正常肯定是Yes。

2）新版本（比较新的镜像大部分是这个界面，做了不少改变）

1 Expand Filesystem 扩展文件系统（同旧版）。

2 Change User Password 改变默认pi用户的密码，按回车后输入pi用户的新密码。3 Enable Boot to Desktop/Scratch 启动时进入的环境选择

Console Text console, requiring login(default)
启动时进入字符控制台，需要进行登录（默认项）。
Desktop log in as user 'pi' at the graphical desktop
启动时进入LXDE图形界面的桌面。
Scratch Start the Scratch programming environment upon boot
启动时进入Scratch编程环境。
4 Internationalisation Options 国际化选项，可以更改默认语言

I1 Change Locale
 语言和区域设置，建议不要改，默认英文就好。想改中文，最好选安装了中文字体再进行这步，安装中文字体的方法：

 sudo apt-get update

 sudo apt-get install ttf-wqy-zenhei ttf-wqy-microhei

 移动到屏幕底部，用空格键选中zh-CN GB2312,zh-CN GB18030,zh-CN UTF-8,然后按回车，然后默认语言选中zh-cn然后回车
I2 Change Timezone
 设置时区，如果不进行设置，PI的时间就显示不正常。选择Asia（亚洲）再选择Chongqing（重庆）即可。
I3 Change Keyboard Layout
  改变键盘布局
5 Enable Camera
  启动PI的摄像头模块，如果想启用，选择Enable，禁用选择Disable就行了
6 Add to Rastrack
  把你的PI的地理位置添加到一个全世界开启此选项的地图，建议还是不要开了，免得被跟踪。
7 Overclock

None 不超频，运行在700Mhz，核心频率250Mhz，内存频率400Mhz，不增加电压

Modest 适度超频，运行在800Mhz，核心频率250Mhz，内存频率400Mhz，不增加电压

Medium 中度超频，运行在900Mhz，核心频率250Mhz，内存频率450Mhz，增加电压2

High 高度超频，运行在950Mhz，核心频率250Mhz，内存频率450Mhz，增加电压6

Turbo 终极超频，运行在1000Mhz，核心频率500Mhz，内存频率600Mhz，增加电压6

8 Advanced Options 高级设置

A1 Overscan 是否让屏幕内容全屏显示

A2 Hostname 在网上邻居或者路由器能看到的主机名称

A3 Memory Split 内存分配，选择给GPU多少内存

A4 SSH 是否运行SSH登录，建议开户此选项，以后操作PI方便，有网络就行，不用开屏幕了。

A5 SPI 是否默认启动SPI内核驱动，新手就不用管了。

A6 Audio 选择声音默认输出到模拟口还是HDMI口
0 Auto 自动选择

1 Force 3.5mm ('headphone') jack强制输出到3.5mm模拟口

2 Force HDMI 强制输出到HDMI
A7 Update 把raspi-config这个工具自动升级到最新版本**9 About raspi-config 关于raspi-config的信息。**配置完成后确认会重启系统，选项即可生效**

最好更新一下系统

$ sudo apt-get update   
$ sudo apt-get upgrade

安装Chrome：

apt-get -y install chromium-browser chromium-l10n

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